Important Computer Full Forms, Keyboard Shortcuts and File Extensions
Computer abbreviations, their applications, keyboard shortcuts and file extensions are important topics in competitive examinations. This chapter organises them by subject to help learners understand their meanings and differences rather than simply memorise full forms.
Examination scope: This detailed revision list covers general Computer Awareness for SSC, JSSC, Railways, banking and other state recruitment examinations. There is no finite list containing every abbreviation in computing; this chapter includes the major examination-relevant terms.
1. How to Read Keyboard Shortcuts
- Ctrl + C: Hold Ctrl and press C.
- Win: The Windows logo key.
- Different actions for the same shortcut: The action can depend on the application and active screen.
- Function keys: Some laptops require the Fn key to use F1–F12.
- The shortcuts below primarily apply to Windows and the Windows desktop versions of MS Office. Mac, mobile and web versions may differ.
2. Common Editing and File Shortcuts
| Shortcut | Common action |
|---|
| Ctrl + C | Copy selected content |
| Ctrl + X | Cut selected content |
| Ctrl + V | Paste clipboard content |
| Ctrl + Z | Undo the previous action |
| Ctrl + Y | Redo or repeat in supported applications |
| Ctrl + A | Select all content in the current editing context |
| Ctrl + S | Save the current file |
| Ctrl + O | Open a file |
| Ctrl + N | Create a new document or window, depending on the application |
| Ctrl + P | Open printing options |
| Ctrl + F | Find content |
Important distinction: Both Cut and Copy can be followed by Paste. Copy preserves the original content; Cut is intended to move content to another location.
3. Windows and File Explorer Shortcuts
| Shortcut | Action |
|---|
| Win + E | Open File Explorer |
| Win + D | Show the desktop or restore the previous windows |
| Win + L | Lock the computer |
| Win + R | Open the Run dialog |
| Win + I | Open Settings |
| Win + Tab | Open Task View |
| Alt + Tab | Switch between open applications |
| Alt + F4 | Close the active window or application |
| Ctrl + Shift + Esc | Open Task Manager |
| Ctrl + Alt + Delete | Open the Windows security options screen |
| F2 | Rename the selected item in File Explorer |
| Ctrl + Shift + N | Create a new folder in File Explorer |
| Alt + Enter | Open the selected item's Properties |
| Shift + Delete | Delete the selected item without sending it to the Recycle Bin |
| Win + Shift + S | Open the screen-snipping interface |
Caution: Shift + Delete does not mean secure data wiping. It normally bypasses the Recycle Bin. Even ordinary Delete does not use the Recycle Bin in every location, such as certain network locations.
4. MS Word, MS Excel and MS PowerPoint Shortcuts
4.1 MS Word
| Shortcut | Action |
|---|
| Ctrl + B | Bold |
| Ctrl + I | Italic |
| Ctrl + U | Underline |
| Ctrl + L | Align the paragraph left |
| Ctrl + E | Centre the paragraph |
| Ctrl + R | Align the paragraph right |
| Ctrl + J | Justify the paragraph |
| Ctrl + H | Open the Replace option in Find and Replace |
| Ctrl + K | Insert a hyperlink |
| Ctrl + Enter | Insert a page break |
| Ctrl + Home / Ctrl + End | Move to the beginning / end of the document |
| Ctrl + 1 / Ctrl + 2 | Apply single / double line spacing |
| Ctrl + 5 | Apply 1.5 line spacing |
| F7 | Check spelling and grammar |
| Shift + F3 | Change the letter case of selected text |
| F12 | Open the Save As dialog |
4.2 MS Excel
| Shortcut | Action |
|---|
| F2 | Edit the active cell |
| Ctrl + 1 | Open the Format Cells dialog |
| Alt + = | Insert AutoSum |
| Ctrl + ; | Insert the current date |
| Ctrl + Shift + ; | Insert the current time |
| Ctrl + Space | Select the entire column |
| Shift + Space | Select the entire row |
| Ctrl + Page Down / Page Up | Move to the next / previous worksheet |
| Shift + F11 | Insert a new worksheet |
| Ctrl + D | Fill down from the top cell in the selection |
| Ctrl + R | Fill right from the leftmost cell in the selection |
| F4 while editing a reference in a formula | Cycle through relative, absolute and mixed references |
Remember: A date or time inserted using these shortcuts is a static entry. TODAY() and NOW() formulas can change when recalculated.
4.3 MS PowerPoint
| Shortcut | Action |
|---|
| Ctrl + M | Insert a new slide |
| Ctrl + D | Duplicate the selected object or slide |
| F5 | Start the Slide Show from the beginning |
| Shift + F5 | Start the Slide Show from the current slide |
| Esc | End the Slide Show |
| B during a Slide Show | Display a black screen / return to the presentation |
| W during a Slide Show | Display a white screen / return to the presentation |
5. Web Browser Shortcuts
The following shortcuts apply to Google Chrome for Windows. Many also work similarly in other browsers.
| Shortcut | Action |
|---|
| Ctrl + T | Open a new tab |
| Ctrl + W | Close the current tab |
| Ctrl + Shift + T | Reopen a recently closed tab |
| Ctrl + Tab | Move to the next tab |
| Ctrl + Shift + Tab | Move to the previous tab |
| Ctrl + L | Select the address bar |
| Ctrl + D | Bookmark the current page |
| Ctrl + H | Open browsing history |
| Ctrl + J | Open Downloads |
| Ctrl + R / F5 | Reload the page |
| Ctrl + Shift + N | Open a new Incognito window |
| Ctrl + Plus / Minus | Increase / decrease zoom |
| Ctrl + 0 | Restore default zoom |
| F11 | Enter / exit full-screen mode |
Security fact: Incognito mode does not provide complete anonymity on the internet. Downloads and bookmarks are not automatically deleted either.
6. Important File Extensions
File extension: The part after the final dot in a file name, usually indicating its type. For example, .pdf is the extension in notes.pdf.
| Extension | Common use |
|---|
| .docx / .doc | MS Word document / older Word format |
| .docm | MS Word macro-enabled document |
| .dotx | MS Word template |
| .xlsx / .xls | MS Excel workbook / older Excel format |
| .xlsm | MS Excel macro-enabled workbook |
| .xltx | MS Excel template |
| .pptx / .ppt | MS PowerPoint presentation / older format |
| .pptm | MS PowerPoint macro-enabled presentation |
| .ppsx | MS PowerPoint Show |
| .potx | MS PowerPoint template |
| .accdb / .mdb | MS Access database / older format |
| .txt | Plain text |
| .rtf | Rich Text Format document |
| .pdf | Portable Document Format file |
| .csv | Delimited tabular text, usually comma-separated values |
| .odt / .ods / .odp | OpenDocument text / spreadsheet / presentation |
| .jpg, .jpeg / .png / .gif / .bmp / .tif, .tiff | Raster image formats |
| .svg | Vector graphics |
| .mp3 / .wav / .flac | Audio formats |
| .mp4 / .avi / .mkv | Multimedia container formats |
| .zip / .rar / .7z | Archive formats supporting compression |
| .html / .htm | HTML document |
| .css | Style sheet |
| .js | JavaScript source |
| .json / .xml | Structured data formats |
| .py / .java / .c / .cpp | Python / Java / C / C++ source files |
| .sql | Usually a script containing SQL statements |
| .exe / .msi | Windows executable / Windows Installer package |
| .bat / .cmd | Windows command scripts |
| .apk | Android application package |
| .iso | Disc image |
Avoid confusion: Changing an extension alone does not convert the actual file format. A .csv file does not preserve all the sheets, formatting and features of an .xlsx workbook. An extension does not guarantee a file's actual content or safety.
7. Hardware, Processor and Electronic Component Full Forms
| Abbreviation | Full form |
|---|
| CPU | Central Processing Unit |
| ALU | Arithmetic Logic Unit |
| CU | Control Unit |
| GPU | Graphics Processing Unit |
| PC | Personal Computer |
| VDU | Visual Display Unit |
| IC | Integrated Circuit |
| LSI | Large-Scale Integration |
| VLSI | Very-Large-Scale Integration |
| ULSI | Ultra-Large-Scale Integration |
| PCB | Printed Circuit Board |
| SMPS | Switched-Mode Power Supply |
| UPS | Uninterruptible Power Supply |
| BIOS | Basic Input/Output System |
| UEFI | Unified Extensible Firmware Interface |
| POST | Power-On Self-Test |
| CMOS | Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor |
| RISC | Reduced Instruction Set Computer |
| CISC | Complex Instruction Set Computer |
| DMA | Direct Memory Access |
| ADC | Analog-to-Digital Converter |
| DAC | Digital-to-Analog Converter |
| USB | Universal Serial Bus |
| HDMI | High-Definition Multimedia Interface |
| VGA | Video Graphics Array |
| DVI | Digital Visual Interface |
| PCI | Peripheral Component Interconnect |
| PCIe | Peripheral Component Interconnect Express |
| CRT | Cathode-Ray Tube |
| LCD | Liquid Crystal Display |
| LED | Light-Emitting Diode |
| OLED | Organic Light-Emitting Diode |
Remember: BIOS and UEFI relate to boot firmware. A UPS can provide temporary backup power; an SMPS converts electrical power into suitable regulated voltages.
8. Memory, Storage and Data Unit Full Forms
| Abbreviation | Full form |
|---|
| RAM | Random Access Memory |
| ROM | Read-Only Memory |
| SRAM | Static Random Access Memory |
| DRAM | Dynamic Random Access Memory |
| SDRAM | Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory |
| DDR SDRAM | Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory |
| PROM | Programmable Read-Only Memory |
| EPROM | Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory |
| EEPROM | Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory |
| HDD | Hard Disk Drive |
| SSD | Solid-State Drive |
| FDD | Floppy Disk Drive |
| CD | Compact Disc |
| CD-ROM | Compact Disc Read-Only Memory |
| CD-R / CD-RW | Compact Disc Recordable / Rewritable |
| DVD | Digital Versatile Disc |
| BD | Blu-ray Disc |
| SATA | Serial Advanced Technology Attachment |
| SCSI | Small Computer System Interface |
| NVMe | Non-Volatile Memory Express |
| RAID | Redundant Array of Independent Disks |
| FAT | File Allocation Table |
| NTFS | New Technology File System |
| exFAT | Extensible File Allocation Table |
| bit | Binary digit |
| bps | bits per second |
| Mbps | Megabits per second |
| MB/s | Megabytes per second |
| KiB / MiB / GiB | Kibibyte / Mebibyte / Gibibyte |
| MHz / GHz | Megahertz / Gigahertz |
Unit relationships: 1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KiB = 1,024 bytes; in standard decimal usage, 1 kB = 1,000 bytes. Older questions sometimes use KB to mean 1,024 bytes, so read the context carefully. Mbps and MB/s are different units.
9. Input, Output and Character Encoding Full Forms
| Abbreviation | Full form |
|---|
| I/O | Input/Output |
| OCR | Optical Character Recognition |
| OMR | Optical Mark Recognition |
| MICR | Magnetic Ink Character Recognition |
| QR | Quick Response |
| RFID | Radio Frequency Identification |
| NFC | Near Field Communication |
| DPI | Dots Per Inch |
| PPI | Pixels Per Inch |
| PPM, printer context | Pages Per Minute |
| CPS, printer context | Characters Per Second |
| ASCII | American Standard Code for Information Interchange |
| EBCDIC | Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code |
| BCD | Binary-Coded Decimal |
| UTF | Unicode Transformation Format |
Three different functions: OCR recognises text characters; OMR recognises filled marks; MICR relates to reading characters printed with magnetic ink. An OMR device may also be called an Optical Mark Reader; Optical Mark Recognition describes the technology.
10. Software, Programming and Database Full Forms
| Abbreviation | Full form |
|---|
| OS | Operating System |
| DOS | Disk Operating System |
| MS-DOS | Microsoft Disk Operating System |
| GUI | Graphical User Interface |
| CLI | Command-Line Interface |
| UI | User Interface |
| WYSIWYG | What You See Is What You Get |
| DTP | Desktop Publishing |
| CAD | Computer-Aided Design |
| CAM | Computer-Aided Manufacturing |
| IDE, programming context | Integrated Development Environment |
| SDK | Software Development Kit |
| API | Application Programming Interface |
| OOP | Object-Oriented Programming |
| JVM | Java Virtual Machine |
| JDK | Java Development Kit |
| JRE | Java Runtime Environment |
| BASIC | Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code |
| COBOL | Common Business-Oriented Language |
| FORTRAN | Formula Translation |
| ALGOL | Algorithmic Language |
| DBMS | Database Management System |
| RDBMS | Relational Database Management System |
| SQL | Structured Query Language |
| DDL | Data Definition Language |
| DML | Data Manipulation Language |
| DCL | Data Control Language |
| TCL | Transaction Control Language |
| DQL | Data Query Language |
| ACID | Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability |
| ERP | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| CRM | Customer Relationship Management |
| MIS | Management Information System |
Note: Classifications of SQL commands into DDL, DML, DQL and similar groups vary somewhat across books and products. Some classifications include SELECT under DML, while others use a separate DQL category.
11. Networking and Telecommunications Full Forms
| Abbreviation | Full form |
|---|
| PAN, networking context | Personal Area Network |
| LAN | Local Area Network |
| WLAN | Wireless Local Area Network |
| MAN | Metropolitan Area Network |
| WAN | Wide Area Network |
| CAN, campus context | Campus Area Network |
| NIC | Network Interface Card |
| MAC, networking context | Media Access Control |
| IP | Internet Protocol |
| IPv4 / IPv6 | Internet Protocol version 4 / version 6 |
| TCP | Transmission Control Protocol |
| UDP | User Datagram Protocol |
| OSI | Open Systems Interconnection |
| DNS | Domain Name System |
| DHCP | Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol |
| ARP | Address Resolution Protocol |
| ICMP | Internet Control Message Protocol |
| VPN | Virtual Private Network |
| ISP | Internet Service Provider |
| VoIP | Voice over Internet Protocol |
| UTP / STP, cable context | Unshielded / Shielded Twisted Pair |
| DSL | Digital Subscriber Line |
| ADSL | Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line |
| ISDN | Integrated Services Digital Network |
| PSTN | Public Switched Telephone Network |
| GSM | Global System for Mobile Communications |
| CDMA | Code Division Multiple Access |
| GPRS | General Packet Radio Service |
| LTE | Long Term Evolution |
| SIM | Subscriber Identity Module |
| IMEI | International Mobile Equipment Identity |
| GPS | Global Positioning System |
| VSAT | Very Small Aperture Terminal |
Remember: The S in DNS means System, not Server. SIM relates to subscriber identity, whereas IMEI identifies mobile equipment. MODEM is formed from Modulator–Demodulator.
12. Internet, Web and Email Full Forms
| Abbreviation | Full form |
|---|
| WWW | World Wide Web |
| URL | Uniform Resource Locator |
| URI | Uniform Resource Identifier |
| HTTP | Hypertext Transfer Protocol |
| HTTPS | Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure; HTTP over TLS |
| HTML | Hypertext Markup Language |
| CSS | Cascading Style Sheets |
| XML | Extensible Markup Language |
| JSON | JavaScript Object Notation |
| FTP | File Transfer Protocol |
| SFTP | SSH File Transfer Protocol |
| SMTP | Simple Mail Transfer Protocol |
| POP3 | Post Office Protocol version 3 |
| IMAP | Internet Message Access Protocol |
| MIME | Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions |
| CC | Carbon Copy |
| BCC | Blind Carbon Copy |
| Email | Electronic Mail |
| SEO | Search Engine Optimization |
| CMS | Content Management System |
| RSS | Really Simple Syndication, in the RSS 2.0 context |
| FAQ | Frequently Asked Questions |
Important distinction: SMTP primarily handles sending and transferring mail; IMAP and POP3 provide mailbox access. SFTP is not simply another name for ordinary FTP; it is a separate protocol based on SSH.
13. Cybersecurity Full Forms
| Abbreviation | Full form |
|---|
| CIA, security context | Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability |
| PIN | Personal Identification Number |
| OTP | One-Time Password |
| MFA | Multi-Factor Authentication |
| 2FA | Two-Factor Authentication |
| CAPTCHA | Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart |
| SSL | Secure Sockets Layer |
| TLS | Transport Layer Security |
| SSH | Secure Shell |
| AES | Advanced Encryption Standard |
| DES | Data Encryption Standard |
| RSA | Rivest–Shamir–Adleman |
| SHA | Secure Hash Algorithm |
| PKI | Public Key Infrastructure |
| CA, certificate context | Certification Authority |
| DSC | Digital Signature Certificate |
| DoS | Denial of Service |
| DDoS | Distributed Denial of Service |
| IDS | Intrusion Detection System |
| IPS | Intrusion Prevention System |
| ACL | Access Control List |
| CERT-In | Indian Computer Emergency Response Team |
Exam fact: SHA relates to hashing, not encryption. SSL is an older technology; modern secure web connections use TLS. Learning a historical full form does not mean that the technology remains secure today.
14. Document, Image and Multimedia Full Forms
| Abbreviation | Full form |
|---|
| PDF | Portable Document Format |
| RTF | Rich Text Format |
| CSV | Comma-Separated Values |
| ODF | Open Document Format |
| JPEG | Joint Photographic Experts Group |
| PNG | Portable Network Graphics |
| GIF | Graphics Interchange Format |
| TIFF | Tagged Image File Format |
| SVG | Scalable Vector Graphics |
| BMP | Bitmap |
| MPEG | Moving Picture Experts Group |
| MP3 | MPEG Audio Layer III |
| AVI | Audio Video Interleave |
| FLAC | Free Lossless Audio Codec |
| MIDI | Musical Instrument Digital Interface |
| RGB | Red, Green, Blue |
| CMYK | Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key; the key colour is normally black |
| FPS, video context | Frames Per Second |
Note: JPEG and MPEG take their names from the respective expert groups. MP3 should not be interpreted as “MPEG version 3.” MIDI primarily concerns musical performance and control instructions, rather than ordinary recorded audio waveforms.
15. Emerging Technology and Digital Payment Full Forms
15.1 Emerging Technologies
| Abbreviation | Full form |
|---|
| AI | Artificial Intelligence |
| ML | Machine Learning |
| DL | Deep Learning |
| NLP | Natural Language Processing |
| LLM | Large Language Model |
| IoT | Internet of Things |
| IIoT | Industrial Internet of Things |
| AR | Augmented Reality |
| VR | Virtual Reality |
| MR | Mixed Reality |
| RPA | Robotic Process Automation |
| SaaS | Software as a Service |
| PaaS | Platform as a Service |
| IaaS | Infrastructure as a Service |
| DLT | Distributed Ledger Technology |
15.2 Digital Payments and Banking Technology
| Abbreviation | Full form |
|---|
| ATM | Automated Teller Machine |
| POS | Point of Sale |
| CBS | Core Banking Solution |
| UPI | Unified Payments Interface |
| BHIM | Bharat Interface for Money |
| NPCI | National Payments Corporation of India |
| NEFT | National Electronic Funds Transfer |
| RTGS | Real Time Gross Settlement |
| IMPS | Immediate Payment Service |
| IFSC | Indian Financial System Code |
| AePS | Aadhaar Enabled Payment System |
| BBPS | Bharat Bill Payment System |
| NACH | National Automated Clearing House |
| NETC | National Electronic Toll Collection |
| CTS | Cheque Truncation System |
| VPA | Virtual Payment Address |
| CVV | Card Verification Value |
| KYC | Know Your Customer |
| SWIFT | Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication |
Remember: ATM does not stand for “Any Time Money.” The first word in IMPS is Immediate, and Payments in UPI is plural.
16. Important Organisations and Historical Computer Names
| Abbreviation | Full form |
|---|
| IT | Information Technology |
| ICT | Information and Communication Technology |
| ITeS | Information Technology Enabled Services |
| NIC, Government of India context | National Informatics Centre |
| NIELIT | National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology |
| MeitY | Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology |
| C-DAC | Centre for Development of Advanced Computing |
| STPI | Software Technology Parks of India |
| IEEE | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| ISO | International Organization for Standardization |
| ANSI | American National Standards Institute |
| W3C | World Wide Web Consortium |
| IETF | Internet Engineering Task Force |
| ICANN | Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers |
| ENIAC | Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer |
| EDVAC | Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer |
| EDSAC | Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator |
| UNIVAC | Universal Automatic Computer |
Special fact: ISO is the organisation's universal short name. It should not be treated as an acronym formed from the initials of its English name in their original order.
17. Multiple Meanings and Incorrect Full Forms
| Term | Meaning according to context |
|---|
| NIC | Network Interface Card / National Informatics Centre |
| PAN | Personal Area Network / Permanent Account Number |
| MAC | Media Access Control / Message Authentication Code in cryptography |
| CAD | Computer-Aided Design; other fields may use different meanings |
| IDE | Integrated Development Environment in programming / Integrated Drive Electronics in storage hardware |
| CAN | Campus Area Network / Controller Area Network in embedded and automotive systems |
| STP | Shielded Twisted Pair for cables / Spanning Tree Protocol in networking |
| DOS / DoS | Disk Operating System / Denial of Service |
- Wi-Fi: It has no official acronym expansion. Do not treat “Wireless Fidelity” as its standard full form.
- COMPUTER: It is an ordinary word. Popular long phrases constructed from its letters are not official full forms.
- VIRUS: It is an ordinary word. “Vital Information Resources Under Siege” is not an official expansion.
- Bluetooth: It is a name, not an acronym formed from initial letters.
- Java and Python: These are programming language names; do not memorise invented full forms.
- Unicode: It is the name of a character encoding standard; do not expand it into an arbitrary phrase.
Check shortcut context too: Ctrl + L aligns a paragraph left in MS Word but selects the address bar in a browser. Ctrl + Shift + N creates a folder in File Explorer but opens an Incognito window in Chrome. F2 renames an item in File Explorer but edits a cell in MS Excel.
18. Practice Questions
The following 12 questions are original practice questions. They are not verified previous-year questions.
Question 1. Which shortcut directly opens Task Manager in Windows?
A. Ctrl + Shift + Esc
B. Ctrl + Alt + Enter
C. Win + P
D. Alt + Space
View answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Ctrl + Shift + Esc
This shortcut opens Task Manager directly. Ctrl + Alt + Delete first opens the security options screen.
Question 2. Which correctly pairs the actions of F2 in MS Excel and File Explorer?
A. Print and Copy
B. Save and Paste
C. Edit the active cell and rename the selected item
D. Create a worksheet and create a folder
View answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Edit the active cell and rename the selected item
The same function key can perform different actions depending on the application.
Question 3. Which shortcut starts an MS PowerPoint presentation from the current slide?
A. Ctrl + F5
B. Shift + F5
C. Alt + F4
D. Shift + F7
View answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Shift + F5
F5 starts the Slide Show from the beginning, whereas Shift + F5 starts it from the current slide.
Question 4. Which is the usual extension of a macro-enabled MS Excel workbook?
A. .docm
B. .pptx
C. .xlsx
D. .xlsm
View answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. .xlsm
The .xlsm extension identifies a macro-enabled Excel workbook. The .xlsx format does not store VBA macros.
Question 5. What definitely happens when a file is renamed from photo.jpg to photo.pdf?
A. The filename extension changes, but actual format conversion does not necessarily occur
B. The image automatically becomes a valid PDF
C. The file is automatically encrypted
D. The file size becomes half its original size
View answer and explanation
Correct answer: A.
Changing an extension and converting file contents into another format are different operations.
Question 6. What is the correct full form of DNS?
A. Digital Network Service
B. Domain Number Server
C. Domain Name System
D. Data Naming Software
View answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Domain Name System
DNS is a distributed system of names and associated resource records. The S in its full form means System.
Question 7. Which technology recognises filled bubbles on an answer sheet?
A. OCR
B. OMR
C. MICR
D. HDMI
View answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. OMR
Optical Mark Recognition identifies filled marks. OCR relates to recognising text characters.
Question 8. Which protocol primarily handles sending email and transferring it between mail servers?
A. IMAP
B. POP3
C. ARP
D. SMTP
View answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. SMTP
SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. IMAP and POP3 are used for mailbox access.
Question 9. Which is the correct full form of ASCII?
A. American Standard Code for Information Interchange
B. Automatic System Code for Internet Integration
C. Advanced Standard Computer Input Interface
D. American Software Code for Internal Instructions
View answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASCII is a character encoding standard. Original ASCII is a 7-bit code.
Question 10. What does CIA mean in cybersecurity?
A. Computer, Internet, Application
B. Control, Input, Arithmetic
C. Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
D. Central, Internal, Automatic
View answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
The CIA triad represents the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information.
Question 11. Which statement is correct?
A. Mbps and MB/s are identical
B. One byte contains eight bits
C. One KiB contains 1,000 bytes
D. GHz is a unit of storage capacity
View answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. One byte contains eight bits
1 KiB = 1,024 bytes. Mbps measures a rate in bits, while MB/s measures a rate in bytes. GHz is a unit of frequency.
Question 12. Which statement about Wi-Fi is technically correct?
A. Its official full form is Wired Fidelity
B. It is an optical storage format
C. Its official full form is Wireless File
D. Wi-Fi has no official acronym expansion
View answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. Wi-Fi has no official acronym expansion
Wi-Fi is a name. Treating “Wireless Fidelity” as its standard official full form is incorrect.
महत्वपूर्ण कंप्यूटर फुल फॉर्म, कीबोर्ड शॉर्टकट और फाइल एक्सटेंशन
प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं में कंप्यूटर के संक्षिप्त रूप, उनके उपयोग, सामान्य कीबोर्ड शॉर्टकट और फाइल एक्सटेंशन से जुड़े प्रश्न महत्वपूर्ण होते हैं। इस अध्याय में इन्हें विषयवार व्यवस्थित किया गया है, ताकि केवल फुल फॉर्म याद करने के बजाय उनके बीच का अंतर भी समझा जा सके।
परीक्षा-केंद्रित दायरा: यह विस्तृत पुनरावृत्ति सूची SSC, JSSC, रेलवे, बैंकिंग और अन्य राज्य स्तरीय भर्ती परीक्षाओं के सामान्य Computer Awareness स्तर के लिए है। कंप्यूटर क्षेत्र के सभी संक्षिप्त रूपों की कोई सीमित अंतिम सूची नहीं होती; यहाँ प्रमुख और परीक्षा-उपयोगी शब्द शामिल हैं।
1. कीबोर्ड शॉर्टकट समझने के नियम
- Ctrl + C: Ctrl दबाए रखते हुए C दबाएँ।
- Win: Windows logo वाली कुंजी।
- एक ही shortcut के अलग कार्य: Application और सक्रिय screen के अनुसार बदल सकते हैं।
- Function keys: कुछ laptops में F1–F12 उपयोग करने के लिए Fn भी दबाना पड़ सकता है।
- नीचे दिए गए shortcuts मुख्यतः Windows और MS Office के Windows desktop versions के लिए हैं। Mac, mobile और web versions में अंतर संभव है।
2. सामान्य Editing और File Shortcuts
| Shortcut | सामान्य कार्य |
|---|
| Ctrl + C | चयनित सामग्री Copy करना |
| Ctrl + X | चयनित सामग्री Cut करना |
| Ctrl + V | Clipboard की सामग्री Paste करना |
| Ctrl + Z | पिछली कार्रवाई Undo करना |
| Ctrl + Y | समर्थित application में Redo या Repeat |
| Ctrl + A | वर्तमान editing context की पूरी सामग्री चुनना |
| Ctrl + S | वर्तमान file Save करना |
| Ctrl + O | File खोलने का विकल्प |
| Ctrl + N | Application के अनुसार नया document या window |
| Ctrl + P | Print विकल्प खोलना |
| Ctrl + F | सामग्री खोजना |
महत्वपूर्ण अंतर: Cut और Copy दोनों के बाद Paste किया जा सकता है। Copy मूल सामग्री बनाए रखता है; Cut का उद्देश्य सामग्री को दूसरी जगह ले जाना है।
3. Windows और File Explorer Shortcuts
| Shortcut | कार्य |
|---|
| Win + E | File Explorer खोलना |
| Win + D | Desktop दिखाना या पिछली windows वापस दिखाना |
| Win + L | Computer lock करना |
| Win + R | Run dialog खोलना |
| Win + I | Settings खोलना |
| Win + Tab | Task View खोलना |
| Alt + Tab | खुले applications के बीच जाना |
| Alt + F4 | सक्रिय window/application बंद करना |
| Ctrl + Shift + Esc | Task Manager खोलना |
| Ctrl + Alt + Delete | Windows security options screen खोलना |
| F2 | File Explorer में चयनित item का नाम बदलना |
| Ctrl + Shift + N | File Explorer में नया folder बनाना |
| Alt + Enter | चयनित item की Properties खोलना |
| Shift + Delete | चयनित item को Recycle Bin में भेजे बिना delete करना |
| Win + Shift + S | Screen capture के लिए snipping interface खोलना |
सावधानी: Shift + Delete का अर्थ सुरक्षित data wiping नहीं है। यह सामान्यतः Recycle Bin को bypass करता है। सामान्य Delete भी हर स्थान पर Recycle Bin का उपयोग नहीं करता, जैसे कुछ network locations।
4. MS Word, MS Excel और MS PowerPoint Shortcuts
4.1 MS Word
| Shortcut | कार्य |
|---|
| Ctrl + B | Bold |
| Ctrl + I | Italic |
| Ctrl + U | Underline |
| Ctrl + L | Paragraph को left align करना |
| Ctrl + E | Paragraph को centre align करना |
| Ctrl + R | Paragraph को right align करना |
| Ctrl + J | Paragraph को justify करना |
| Ctrl + H | Find and Replace का Replace विकल्प |
| Ctrl + K | Hyperlink जोड़ना |
| Ctrl + Enter | Page break जोड़ना |
| Ctrl + Home / Ctrl + End | Document के आरंभ / अंत में जाना |
| Ctrl + 1 / Ctrl + 2 | Single / Double line spacing |
| Ctrl + 5 | 1.5 line spacing |
| F7 | Spelling और grammar जाँच |
| Shift + F3 | चयनित text का letter case बदलना |
| F12 | Save As dialog |
4.2 MS Excel
| Shortcut | कार्य |
|---|
| F2 | Active cell को edit करना |
| Ctrl + 1 | Format Cells dialog |
| Alt + = | AutoSum |
| Ctrl + ; | वर्तमान date डालना |
| Ctrl + Shift + ; | वर्तमान time डालना |
| Ctrl + Space | पूरा column चुनना |
| Shift + Space | पूरी row चुनना |
| Ctrl + Page Down / Page Up | अगली / पिछली worksheet पर जाना |
| Shift + F11 | नई worksheet जोड़ना |
| Ctrl + D | चयन में ऊपर वाली cell की सामग्री/format नीचे भरना |
| Ctrl + R | चयन में बाईं cell की सामग्री/format दाईं ओर भरना |
| F4, formula में reference edit करते समय | Relative, absolute और mixed references बदलना |
याद रखें: Shortcut से डाली गई date/time एक स्थिर entry होती है। TODAY() और NOW() formulas recalculation पर बदल सकते हैं।
4.3 MS PowerPoint
| Shortcut | कार्य |
|---|
| Ctrl + M | नई slide जोड़ना |
| Ctrl + D | चयनित object या slide को duplicate करना |
| F5 | शुरू से Slide Show चलाना |
| Shift + F5 | वर्तमान slide से Slide Show चलाना |
| Esc | Slide Show समाप्त करना |
| B, Slide Show के दौरान | Black screen दिखाना / presentation पर लौटना |
| W, Slide Show के दौरान | White screen दिखाना / presentation पर लौटना |
5. Web Browser Shortcuts
निम्न shortcuts Google Chrome के Windows version में उपयोगी हैं। इनमें से कई अन्य browsers में भी समान हैं।
| Shortcut | कार्य |
|---|
| Ctrl + T | नया tab |
| Ctrl + W | वर्तमान tab बंद करना |
| Ctrl + Shift + T | हाल में बंद tab दोबारा खोलना |
| Ctrl + Tab | अगले tab पर जाना |
| Ctrl + Shift + Tab | पिछले tab पर जाना |
| Ctrl + L | Address bar चुनना |
| Ctrl + D | वर्तमान page bookmark करना |
| Ctrl + H | Browsing history |
| Ctrl + J | Downloads |
| Ctrl + R / F5 | Page reload करना |
| Ctrl + Shift + N | नई Incognito window |
| Ctrl + Plus / Minus | Zoom बढ़ाना / घटाना |
| Ctrl + 0 | Default zoom पर लौटना |
| F11 | Full-screen mode चालू / बंद करना |
सुरक्षा तथ्य: Incognito mode इंटरनेट पर पूर्ण anonymity नहीं देता। Downloads और bookmarks भी अपने आप नहीं मिटते।
6. महत्वपूर्ण File Extensions
File extension: File name के अंतिम dot के बाद आने वाला भाग, जो सामान्यतः उसके प्रकार का संकेत देता है। उदाहरण: notes.pdf में .pdf extension है।
| Extension | सामान्य उपयोग |
|---|
| .docx / .doc | MS Word document / पुराना Word format |
| .docm | MS Word macro-enabled document |
| .dotx | MS Word template |
| .xlsx / .xls | MS Excel workbook / पुराना Excel format |
| .xlsm | MS Excel macro-enabled workbook |
| .xltx | MS Excel template |
| .pptx / .ppt | MS PowerPoint presentation / पुराना format |
| .pptm | MS PowerPoint macro-enabled presentation |
| .ppsx | MS PowerPoint Show |
| .potx | MS PowerPoint template |
| .accdb / .mdb | MS Access database / पुराना format |
| .txt | Plain text |
| .rtf | Rich Text Format document |
| .pdf | Portable Document Format file |
| .csv | Delimited tabular text; सामान्यतः comma-separated values |
| .odt / .ods / .odp | OpenDocument text / spreadsheet / presentation |
| .jpg, .jpeg / .png / .gif / .bmp / .tif, .tiff | Raster image formats |
| .svg | Vector graphics |
| .mp3 / .wav / .flac | Audio formats |
| .mp4 / .avi / .mkv | Multimedia container formats |
| .zip / .rar / .7z | Archive formats; compression समर्थित |
| .html / .htm | HTML document |
| .css | Style sheet |
| .js | JavaScript source |
| .json / .xml | Structured data formats |
| .py / .java / .c / .cpp | Python / Java / C / C++ source files |
| .sql | सामान्यतः SQL statements वाली script |
| .exe / .msi | Windows executable / Windows Installer package |
| .bat / .cmd | Windows command scripts |
| .apk | Android application package |
| .iso | Disc image |
भ्रम से बचें: केवल extension बदलना वास्तविक format conversion नहीं है। .csv file, .xlsx workbook की सभी sheets, formatting और features सुरक्षित नहीं रखती। किसी file का extension उसकी वास्तविक सामग्री या सुरक्षा की गारंटी नहीं देता।
7. Hardware, Processor और Electronic Components के Full Forms
| संक्षिप्त रूप | पूर्ण रूप |
|---|
| CPU | Central Processing Unit |
| ALU | Arithmetic Logic Unit |
| CU | Control Unit |
| GPU | Graphics Processing Unit |
| PC | Personal Computer |
| VDU | Visual Display Unit |
| IC | Integrated Circuit |
| LSI | Large-Scale Integration |
| VLSI | Very-Large-Scale Integration |
| ULSI | Ultra-Large-Scale Integration |
| PCB | Printed Circuit Board |
| SMPS | Switched-Mode Power Supply |
| UPS | Uninterruptible Power Supply |
| BIOS | Basic Input/Output System |
| UEFI | Unified Extensible Firmware Interface |
| POST | Power-On Self-Test |
| CMOS | Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor |
| RISC | Reduced Instruction Set Computer |
| CISC | Complex Instruction Set Computer |
| DMA | Direct Memory Access |
| ADC | Analog-to-Digital Converter |
| DAC | Digital-to-Analog Converter |
| USB | Universal Serial Bus |
| HDMI | High-Definition Multimedia Interface |
| VGA | Video Graphics Array |
| DVI | Digital Visual Interface |
| PCI | Peripheral Component Interconnect |
| PCIe | Peripheral Component Interconnect Express |
| CRT | Cathode-Ray Tube |
| LCD | Liquid Crystal Display |
| LED | Light-Emitting Diode |
| OLED | Organic Light-Emitting Diode |
याद रखें: BIOS और UEFI boot firmware से संबंधित हैं। UPS सीमित अवधि का power backup दे सकता है; SMPS विद्युत आपूर्ति को उपयुक्त regulated voltages में बदलता है।
8. Memory, Storage और Data Units के Full Forms
| संक्षिप्त रूप | पूर्ण रूप |
|---|
| RAM | Random Access Memory |
| ROM | Read-Only Memory |
| SRAM | Static Random Access Memory |
| DRAM | Dynamic Random Access Memory |
| SDRAM | Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory |
| DDR SDRAM | Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory |
| PROM | Programmable Read-Only Memory |
| EPROM | Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory |
| EEPROM | Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory |
| HDD | Hard Disk Drive |
| SSD | Solid-State Drive |
| FDD | Floppy Disk Drive |
| CD | Compact Disc |
| CD-ROM | Compact Disc Read-Only Memory |
| CD-R / CD-RW | Compact Disc Recordable / Rewritable |
| DVD | Digital Versatile Disc |
| BD | Blu-ray Disc |
| SATA | Serial Advanced Technology Attachment |
| SCSI | Small Computer System Interface |
| NVMe | Non-Volatile Memory Express |
| RAID | Redundant Array of Independent Disks |
| FAT | File Allocation Table |
| NTFS | New Technology File System |
| exFAT | Extensible File Allocation Table |
| bit | Binary digit |
| bps | bits per second |
| Mbps | Megabits per second |
| MB/s | Megabytes per second |
| KiB / MiB / GiB | Kibibyte / Mebibyte / Gibibyte |
| MHz / GHz | Megahertz / Gigahertz |
इकाई संबंध: 1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KiB = 1,024 bytes; मानक decimal उपयोग में 1 kB = 1,000 bytes। पुराने प्रश्नों में KB को 1,024 bytes के अर्थ में भी लिखा जाता है, इसलिए प्रश्न का संदर्भ देखें। Mbps और MB/s समान इकाइयाँ नहीं हैं।
9. Input, Output और Character Encoding के Full Forms
| संक्षिप्त रूप | पूर्ण रूप |
|---|
| I/O | Input/Output |
| OCR | Optical Character Recognition |
| OMR | Optical Mark Recognition |
| MICR | Magnetic Ink Character Recognition |
| QR | Quick Response |
| RFID | Radio Frequency Identification |
| NFC | Near Field Communication |
| DPI | Dots Per Inch |
| PPI | Pixels Per Inch |
| PPM, printer संदर्भ | Pages Per Minute |
| CPS, printer संदर्भ | Characters Per Second |
| ASCII | American Standard Code for Information Interchange |
| EBCDIC | Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code |
| BCD | Binary-Coded Decimal |
| UTF | Unicode Transformation Format |
तीन अलग कार्य: OCR अक्षर पहचानता है; OMR भरे हुए marks पहचानता है; MICR चुंबकीय स्याही से छपे characters पढ़ने से संबंधित है। OMR उपकरण को Optical Mark Reader भी कहा जाता है; तकनीक के लिए Optical Mark Recognition उपयुक्त है।
10. Software, Programming और Database के Full Forms
| संक्षिप्त रूप | पूर्ण रूप |
|---|
| OS | Operating System |
| DOS | Disk Operating System |
| MS-DOS | Microsoft Disk Operating System |
| GUI | Graphical User Interface |
| CLI | Command-Line Interface |
| UI | User Interface |
| WYSIWYG | What You See Is What You Get |
| DTP | Desktop Publishing |
| CAD | Computer-Aided Design |
| CAM | Computer-Aided Manufacturing |
| IDE, programming संदर्भ | Integrated Development Environment |
| SDK | Software Development Kit |
| API | Application Programming Interface |
| OOP | Object-Oriented Programming |
| JVM | Java Virtual Machine |
| JDK | Java Development Kit |
| JRE | Java Runtime Environment |
| BASIC | Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code |
| COBOL | Common Business-Oriented Language |
| FORTRAN | Formula Translation |
| ALGOL | Algorithmic Language |
| DBMS | Database Management System |
| RDBMS | Relational Database Management System |
| SQL | Structured Query Language |
| DDL | Data Definition Language |
| DML | Data Manipulation Language |
| DCL | Data Control Language |
| TCL | Transaction Control Language |
| DQL | Data Query Language |
| ACID | Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability |
| ERP | Enterprise Resource Planning |
| CRM | Customer Relationship Management |
| MIS | Management Information System |
ध्यान दें: SQL commands की DDL/DML/DQL जैसी grouping पुस्तकों और products में कुछ अलग मिल सकती है। कुछ classifications SELECT को DML में रखते हैं और कुछ अलग DQL category में।
11. Networking और Telecommunications के Full Forms
| संक्षिप्त रूप | पूर्ण रूप |
|---|
| PAN, networking संदर्भ | Personal Area Network |
| LAN | Local Area Network |
| WLAN | Wireless Local Area Network |
| MAN | Metropolitan Area Network |
| WAN | Wide Area Network |
| CAN, campus संदर्भ | Campus Area Network |
| NIC | Network Interface Card |
| MAC, networking संदर्भ | Media Access Control |
| IP | Internet Protocol |
| IPv4 / IPv6 | Internet Protocol version 4 / version 6 |
| TCP | Transmission Control Protocol |
| UDP | User Datagram Protocol |
| OSI | Open Systems Interconnection |
| DNS | Domain Name System |
| DHCP | Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol |
| ARP | Address Resolution Protocol |
| ICMP | Internet Control Message Protocol |
| VPN | Virtual Private Network |
| ISP | Internet Service Provider |
| VoIP | Voice over Internet Protocol |
| UTP / STP, cable संदर्भ | Unshielded / Shielded Twisted Pair |
| DSL | Digital Subscriber Line |
| ADSL | Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line |
| ISDN | Integrated Services Digital Network |
| PSTN | Public Switched Telephone Network |
| GSM | Global System for Mobile Communications |
| CDMA | Code Division Multiple Access |
| GPRS | General Packet Radio Service |
| LTE | Long Term Evolution |
| SIM | Subscriber Identity Module |
| IMEI | International Mobile Equipment Identity |
| GPS | Global Positioning System |
| VSAT | Very Small Aperture Terminal |
याद रखें: DNS में S का अर्थ System है, Server नहीं। SIM subscriber identity से और IMEI mobile equipment की पहचान से संबंधित है। MODEM शब्द Modulator–Demodulator से बना है।
12. Internet, Web और Email के Full Forms
| संक्षिप्त रूप | पूर्ण रूप |
|---|
| WWW | World Wide Web |
| URL | Uniform Resource Locator |
| URI | Uniform Resource Identifier |
| HTTP | Hypertext Transfer Protocol |
| HTTPS | Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure; अर्थात HTTP over TLS |
| HTML | Hypertext Markup Language |
| CSS | Cascading Style Sheets |
| XML | Extensible Markup Language |
| JSON | JavaScript Object Notation |
| FTP | File Transfer Protocol |
| SFTP | SSH File Transfer Protocol |
| SMTP | Simple Mail Transfer Protocol |
| POP3 | Post Office Protocol version 3 |
| IMAP | Internet Message Access Protocol |
| MIME | Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions |
| CC | Carbon Copy |
| BCC | Blind Carbon Copy |
| Email | Electronic Mail |
| SEO | Search Engine Optimization |
| CMS | Content Management System |
| RSS | Really Simple Syndication, RSS 2.0 संदर्भ में |
| FAQ | Frequently Asked Questions |
महत्वपूर्ण अंतर: SMTP मुख्यतः mail भेजने/स्थानांतरित करने से संबंधित है; IMAP और POP3 mailbox access से। SFTP, सामान्य FTP को केवल दूसरा नाम देना नहीं है; यह SSH पर आधारित अलग protocol है।
13. Cybersecurity के Full Forms
| संक्षिप्त रूप | पूर्ण रूप |
|---|
| CIA, security संदर्भ | Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability |
| PIN | Personal Identification Number |
| OTP | One-Time Password |
| MFA | Multi-Factor Authentication |
| 2FA | Two-Factor Authentication |
| CAPTCHA | Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart |
| SSL | Secure Sockets Layer |
| TLS | Transport Layer Security |
| SSH | Secure Shell |
| AES | Advanced Encryption Standard |
| DES | Data Encryption Standard |
| RSA | Rivest–Shamir–Adleman |
| SHA | Secure Hash Algorithm |
| PKI | Public Key Infrastructure |
| CA, certificate संदर्भ | Certification Authority |
| DSC | Digital Signature Certificate |
| DoS | Denial of Service |
| DDoS | Distributed Denial of Service |
| IDS | Intrusion Detection System |
| IPS | Intrusion Prevention System |
| ACL | Access Control List |
| CERT-In | Indian Computer Emergency Response Team |
परीक्षा तथ्य: SHA hashing से संबंधित है, encryption से नहीं। SSL पुरानी तकनीक है; आधुनिक सुरक्षित web connections में TLS उपयोग होता है। ऐतिहासिक full form याद करना उस तकनीक को आज सुरक्षित मानना नहीं है।
14. Document, Image और Multimedia के Full Forms
| संक्षिप्त रूप | पूर्ण रूप |
|---|
| PDF | Portable Document Format |
| RTF | Rich Text Format |
| CSV | Comma-Separated Values |
| ODF | Open Document Format |
| JPEG | Joint Photographic Experts Group |
| PNG | Portable Network Graphics |
| GIF | Graphics Interchange Format |
| TIFF | Tagged Image File Format |
| SVG | Scalable Vector Graphics |
| BMP | Bitmap |
| MPEG | Moving Picture Experts Group |
| MP3 | MPEG Audio Layer III |
| AVI | Audio Video Interleave |
| FLAC | Free Lossless Audio Codec |
| MIDI | Musical Instrument Digital Interface |
| RGB | Red, Green, Blue |
| CMYK | Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key; Key सामान्यतः black होता है |
| FPS, video संदर्भ | Frames Per Second |
ध्यान दें: JPEG और MPEG के नाम संबंधित expert groups से आए हैं। MP3 को “MPEG version 3” नहीं समझना चाहिए। MIDI मूलतः musical performance/control instructions से संबंधित है, सामान्य recorded audio waveform से नहीं।
15. Emerging Technologies और Digital Payments के Full Forms
15.1 नई तकनीकें
| संक्षिप्त रूप | पूर्ण रूप |
|---|
| AI | Artificial Intelligence |
| ML | Machine Learning |
| DL | Deep Learning |
| NLP | Natural Language Processing |
| LLM | Large Language Model |
| IoT | Internet of Things |
| IIoT | Industrial Internet of Things |
| AR | Augmented Reality |
| VR | Virtual Reality |
| MR | Mixed Reality |
| RPA | Robotic Process Automation |
| SaaS | Software as a Service |
| PaaS | Platform as a Service |
| IaaS | Infrastructure as a Service |
| DLT | Distributed Ledger Technology |
15.2 Digital Payments और Banking Technology
| संक्षिप्त रूप | पूर्ण रूप |
|---|
| ATM | Automated Teller Machine |
| POS | Point of Sale |
| CBS | Core Banking Solution |
| UPI | Unified Payments Interface |
| BHIM | Bharat Interface for Money |
| NPCI | National Payments Corporation of India |
| NEFT | National Electronic Funds Transfer |
| RTGS | Real Time Gross Settlement |
| IMPS | Immediate Payment Service |
| IFSC | Indian Financial System Code |
| AePS | Aadhaar Enabled Payment System |
| BBPS | Bharat Bill Payment System |
| NACH | National Automated Clearing House |
| NETC | National Electronic Toll Collection |
| CTS | Cheque Truncation System |
| VPA | Virtual Payment Address |
| CVV | Card Verification Value |
| KYC | Know Your Customer |
| SWIFT | Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication |
याद रखें: ATM का पूर्ण रूप “Any Time Money” नहीं है। IMPS में पहला शब्द Immediate और UPI में Payments बहुवचन है।
16. महत्वपूर्ण संस्थाएँ और ऐतिहासिक Computer Names
| संक्षिप्त रूप | पूर्ण रूप |
|---|
| IT | Information Technology |
| ICT | Information and Communication Technology |
| ITeS | Information Technology Enabled Services |
| NIC, भारत सरकार संदर्भ | National Informatics Centre |
| NIELIT | National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology |
| MeitY | Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology |
| C-DAC | Centre for Development of Advanced Computing |
| STPI | Software Technology Parks of India |
| IEEE | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| ISO | International Organization for Standardization |
| ANSI | American National Standards Institute |
| W3C | World Wide Web Consortium |
| IETF | Internet Engineering Task Force |
| ICANN | Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers |
| ENIAC | Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer |
| EDVAC | Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer |
| EDSAC | Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator |
| UNIVAC | Universal Automatic Computer |
विशेष तथ्य: ISO संगठन का सार्वभौमिक short name है; इसके अक्षरों को अंग्रेजी नाम के initials के क्रम से बना acronym नहीं मानना चाहिए।
17. एक जैसे संक्षिप्त रूप और गलत Full Forms से बचाव
| शब्द | संदर्भ के अनुसार अर्थ |
|---|
| NIC | Network Interface Card / National Informatics Centre |
| PAN | Personal Area Network / Permanent Account Number |
| MAC | Media Access Control / cryptography में Message Authentication Code |
| CAD | Computer-Aided Design; दूसरे क्षेत्रों में अन्य अर्थ संभव |
| IDE | Programming में Integrated Development Environment; storage hardware में Integrated Drive Electronics |
| CAN | Campus Area Network / embedded और automotive systems में Controller Area Network |
| STP | Cable में Shielded Twisted Pair / networking protocol में Spanning Tree Protocol |
| DOS / DoS | Disk Operating System / Denial of Service |
- Wi-Fi: इसका कोई आधिकारिक acronym expansion नहीं है। “Wireless Fidelity” को मानक full form न मानें।
- COMPUTER: सामान्य शब्द है; इसके लिए प्रचलित लंबे वाक्य आधिकारिक full forms नहीं हैं।
- VIRUS: सामान्य शब्द है; “Vital Information Resources Under Siege” आधिकारिक expansion नहीं है।
- Bluetooth: नाम है, अक्षरों से बना acronym नहीं।
- Java और Python: Programming languages के नाम हैं; इनके काल्पनिक full forms याद न करें।
- Unicode: Character encoding standard का नाम है; इसे मनमाने शब्दों से expand न करें।
Shortcut का संदर्भ भी देखें: Ctrl + L, MS Word में left alignment और browser में address bar selection करता है। Ctrl + Shift + N, File Explorer में folder और Chrome में Incognito window बनाता है। F2, File Explorer में rename और MS Excel में cell editing करता है।
18. अभ्यास प्रश्न
निम्नलिखित 12 प्रश्न मौलिक अभ्यास प्रश्न हैं। ये सत्यापित पिछले वर्षों के प्रश्न नहीं हैं।
प्रश्न 1. Windows में Task Manager सीधे खोलने का shortcut कौन-सा है?
A. Ctrl + Shift + Esc
B. Ctrl + Alt + Enter
C. Win + P
D. Alt + Space
उत्तर और व्याख्या देखें
सही उत्तर: A. Ctrl + Shift + Esc
यह सीधे Task Manager खोलता है। Ctrl + Alt + Delete पहले security options screen खोलता है।
प्रश्न 2. MS Excel में F2 और File Explorer में F2 का सही कार्य-युग्म कौन-सा है?
A. Print और Copy
B. Save और Paste
C. Active cell edit करना और selected item rename करना
D. नई worksheet और नया folder बनाना
उत्तर और व्याख्या देखें
सही उत्तर: C. Active cell edit करना और selected item rename करना
एक ही function key का कार्य application के अनुसार बदलता है।
प्रश्न 3. MS PowerPoint में वर्तमान slide से presentation चलाने का shortcut क्या है?
A. Ctrl + F5
B. Shift + F5
C. Alt + F4
D. Shift + F7
उत्तर और व्याख्या देखें
सही उत्तर: B. Shift + F5
F5 शुरुआत से और Shift + F5 वर्तमान slide से Slide Show चलाता है।
प्रश्न 4. MS Excel की macro-enabled workbook का सामान्य extension कौन-सा है?
A. .docm
B. .pptx
C. .xlsx
D. .xlsm
उत्तर और व्याख्या देखें
सही उत्तर: D. .xlsm
.xlsm macro-enabled Excel workbook है। .xlsx में VBA macros store नहीं किए जाते।
प्रश्न 5. किसी file का नाम photo.jpg से photo.pdf करने पर क्या निश्चित रूप से होता है?
A. नाम का extension बदलता है; वास्तविक format conversion आवश्यक नहीं होता
B. Image स्वतः valid PDF बन जाती है
C. File स्वतः encrypt हो जाती है
D. File का आकार आधा हो जाता है
उत्तर और व्याख्या देखें
सही उत्तर: A.
Extension बदलना और file contents को दूसरे format में convert करना अलग प्रक्रियाएँ हैं।
प्रश्न 6. DNS का सही पूर्ण रूप क्या है?
A. Digital Network Service
B. Domain Number Server
C. Domain Name System
D. Data Naming Software
उत्तर और व्याख्या देखें
सही उत्तर: C. Domain Name System
DNS नामों और संबंधित resource records की distributed व्यवस्था है। इसके पूर्ण रूप में S का अर्थ System है।
प्रश्न 7. Answer sheet पर भरे हुए bubbles पहचानने की तकनीक कौन-सी है?
A. OCR
B. OMR
C. MICR
D. HDMI
उत्तर और व्याख्या देखें
सही उत्तर: B. OMR
Optical Mark Recognition भरे हुए marks पहचानती है। OCR text characters पहचानने से संबंधित है।
प्रश्न 8. निम्न में कौन-सा protocol मुख्यतः email भेजने और mail servers के बीच transfer से संबंधित है?
A. IMAP
B. POP3
C. ARP
D. SMTP
उत्तर और व्याख्या देखें
सही उत्तर: D. SMTP
SMTP का पूर्ण रूप Simple Mail Transfer Protocol है। IMAP और POP3 mailbox access के लिए उपयोग होते हैं।
प्रश्न 9. ASCII का सही पूर्ण रूप कौन-सा है?
A. American Standard Code for Information Interchange
B. Automatic System Code for Internet Integration
C. Advanced Standard Computer Input Interface
D. American Software Code for Internal Instructions
उत्तर और व्याख्या देखें
सही उत्तर: A. American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASCII एक character encoding standard है। मूल ASCII 7-bit code है।
प्रश्न 10. Cybersecurity में CIA का सही अर्थ कौन-सा है?
A. Computer, Internet, Application
B. Control, Input, Arithmetic
C. Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
D. Central, Internal, Automatic
उत्तर और व्याख्या देखें
सही उत्तर: C. Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
CIA triad सूचना की गोपनीयता, अखंडता और उपलब्धता को दर्शाती है।
प्रश्न 11. कौन-सा कथन सही है?
A. Mbps और MB/s समान हैं
B. 1 byte में 8 bits होते हैं
C. 1 KiB में 1,000 bytes होते हैं
D. GHz storage capacity की इकाई है
उत्तर और व्याख्या देखें
सही उत्तर: B. 1 byte में 8 bits होते हैं
1 KiB = 1,024 bytes। Mbps bits की और MB/s bytes की दर दर्शाता है। GHz frequency की इकाई है।
प्रश्न 12. Wi-Fi के संबंध में कौन-सा कथन तकनीकी रूप से सही है?
A. इसका आधिकारिक पूर्ण रूप Wired Fidelity है
B. यह एक optical storage format है
C. इसका आधिकारिक पूर्ण रूप Wireless File है
D. Wi-Fi का कोई आधिकारिक acronym expansion नहीं है
उत्तर और व्याख्या देखें
सही उत्तर: D. Wi-Fi का कोई आधिकारिक acronym expansion नहीं है
Wi-Fi एक नाम है। “Wireless Fidelity” को उसका मानक आधिकारिक full form मानना सही नहीं है।